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A Venus figurine is any Upper Paleolithic statuette portraying a woman,〔Fagan, 740〕 although the fewer images depicting men or figures of uncertain gender,〔Beck, 203〕 and those in relief or engraved on rock or stones are often discussed together.〔Fagan, 740-741〕 Most have been unearthed in Europe, but others have been found as far away as Siberia, extending their distribution across much of Eurasia, although with many gaps, such as the Mediterranean outside Italy.〔Fagan, 740-741; Beck, 203〕 Most of them date from the Gravettian period (26,000–21,000 years ago),〔Fagan, 740-741〕 but examples exist as early as the Venus of Hohle Fels, which dates back at least 35,000 years to the Aurignacian, and as late as the Venus of Monruz, from about 11,000 years ago in the Magdalenian. These figurines were carved from soft stone (such as steatite, calcite or limestone), bone or ivory, or formed of clay and fired. The latter are among the oldest ceramics known. In total, some 144 such figurines are known;〔Cook〕 virtually all of modest size, between 3 cm and 40 cm or more in height.〔Fagan, 740〕 They are some of the earliest works of prehistoric art. Most of them have small heads, wide hips, and legs that taper to a point. Various figurines exaggerate the abdomen, hips, breasts, thighs, or vulva, although many do not, and the concentration in popular accounts on those that do reflects modern preoccupations rather than the range of actual artefacts. In contrast, arms and feet are often absent, and the head is usually small and faceless. Depictions of hairstyles can be detailed, and especially in Siberian examples, clothing or tattoos may be indicated.〔Fagan, 740-741; Isabella, Jude, interview with April Nowell. ""Palaeo-porn"': we’ve got it all wrong'', 2012. ''New Scientist'', 216, Issue 2890, (online ); Cook; Beck, 205-214〕 The original cultural meaning and purpose of these artifacts is not known. It has frequently been suggested that they may have served a ritual or symbolic function. There are widely varying and speculative interpretations of their use or meaning: they have been seen as religious figures,〔Beck, 207-208〕 as erotic art or sex aids,〔Rudgley, Richard, ''The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age'', 2000, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0684862700, 9780684862705194-198, (google books ); Fagan, 740-741〕 or alternatively as self-depictions by female artists.〔William Haviland, Harald Prins, Dana Walrath, Bunny McBride, ''Anthropology: The Human Challenge'', 13th edition, 2010,Cengage Learning, ISBN 0495810843, 9780495810841,(google books ); Cook; Beck, 205-208〕 ==Terminology== The expression 'Venus' was first used in the mid-nineteenth century by the Marquis de Vibraye, who found a figurine at Laugerie-Basse in the Vezere valley Dordogne. He called it "''Venus Impudica''", alluding to the hellenistic Venus Pudica.〔Beck, 202-203〕 The use of the name is metaphorical, there is no link between the figurines and the Roman goddess Venus, although they have been seen as representations of a primordial female goddess. The term has been criticised for being more a reflection of modern western ideas than reflecting the beliefs of the sculptures' original owners, but the name has persisted.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Venus figurines」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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